[Saxitoxins and tetrodotokxins as a new biological weapon]. / Saksytoksyny i tetrodotoksyny jako nowa bron biologiczna.

Saxitoxins (STX) and tetrodotoxins (TTX) are a group of chemical compounds produced by certain species of marine algae and fish. Lethal dose for a human is about 0.5-2.0 mg when the toxin enters the body via food, and 0.05 mg of poisoning at the time of injection. In the case of aerosol the lethal dose for human being is 5 mg/min/m(3). STX and TTX poisoning cause mostly symptoms from the nervous system in the form of: paresthesia around the lips, tongue, gums, distal segments of the limbs, headache, dysphonia, astigmatism, floating feeling, muscle weakness, paralysis of cranial and peripheral nerves. There is no specific antidote for STX and TTX. It is recommended supportive treatment.

Eficacia de la facoemulsificación versus la Mininuc en relación al astigmatismo inducido en pacientes con cataratas en el Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren de setiembre del 2013 a febrero del 2014 / Efficacy of phacoemulsification versus Mininuc in relation to induced astigmatism in cataract patients at the National Hospital Alberto Sabogal Sologuren from September 2013 to February 2014

Objetivo: Evaluar comparativamente la eficacia de las dos técnicas quirúrgicas: Técnica de Pequeña Incisión (Mininuc) y la técnica de Facoemulsificación, en relación al Astigmatismo Inducido. Diseño: Longitudinal, prospectivo, Analítico. Participantes: 62 pacientes con diagnóstico de cataratas (64 ojos), El 51.61 por ciento (32) Facoemulsificación y el 48.39 por ciento (30) Mininuc. El promedio de edad del total de pacientes bajo estudio fue de 71 años (DS: 8.79) y el 60 por ciento (37) fueron de género masculino. Método: Los 62 pacientes fueron sometidos a evaluación prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica (a los 2 meses de la cirugía) que incluyó: Agudeza Visual, sin corrección y con agujero estenopeico, Refracción Objetiva, Queratometría. Del total de Pacientes 32 fueron sometidos a Facoemulsificación y 30 a técnica de pequeña incisión Mininuc. El análisis estadístico fue desarrollado a través del programa SPSS v.22. Resultados: Al analizar comparativamente la agudeza visual en escala LogMar postquirúrgica sin corrección entre las 2 técnicas, se obtuvo como resultado 0.5 (20/60) (DS: 0.51) para Mininuc y un promedio de 0.2 (20/30) (DS: 0.22), para Facoemulsificación, existiendo diferencia significativa entre ambas técnicas con una p=0.012. Analizando el Cilindro Postoperatorio entre ambas técnicas, se obtuvo un Cil promedio de -1.91 (DS: 1.25) y para Facoemulsificación y un promedio de -1.38 (DS: 0.90) para Mininuc; no existiendo diferencia significativa entre los procedimientos quirúrgicos con una p=0.055. Al analizar el Astigmatismo Inducido entre ambas técnicas, se obtuvo como resultado promedio un Cil -0.05 D para Mininuc y un Cil -0.23 D para Facoemulsificación, no existiendo diferencia significativa entre ambas técnicas con una p=0.602. Conclusión: No existe Diferencia Significativa en la Eficacia entre las dos técnicas quirúrgicas en relación al Astigmatismo Inducido con una p=0.602. Conclusión: No existe diferencia significativa en la eficacia entre las dos...

Purpose: To evaluate comparatively the effectiveness of the two surgical techniques: Small Incision Technique (Mininuc) and phacoemulsification technique in relation to Induced Astigmatism. Design: Longitudinal, prospective, Analytical. Participants: 62 patients diagnosed with cataracts (64 eyes), the 51.61 per cent (32) Phacoemulsification and 48.39 per cent (30) Mininuc. The average age of the patients under study was 71 years (SD: 8.79) and 60 per cent (37) were male. Method: 62 patients underwent preoperative and postoperative assessment (at 2 months after surgery) which included: Visual acuity without correction and with pinhole, Objective refraction, keratometry. Of the total 32 patients underwent phacoemulsification and 30 Mininuc small incision technique. Statistical analysis was developed through SPSS v.22 program. Results: At comparatively analyze the visual acuity in postoperative uncorrected LogMar scale between the 2 techniques was obtained as a result 0.5 (20/60) (SD: 0.51) for Mininuc and an average of 0.2 (20/30) (DS: 0.22) for Phacoemulsification and a significant difference between the two techniques with p=0.012. Analyzing the cylinder postoperative between both techniques, an average of -1.91 Cil (DS 1.25) was obtained for Mininuc; with no significant difference between surgical procedures with p=0.055. When analyzing Induced Astigmatism between both techniques was obtained as average results in Cil -0.05 D to -0.23 Cil Mininuc and D for Facoemulsficación, no significant difference exists between the two techniques with p=0.602. Conclusion: No significant difference in efficacy between the two surgical techniques in relation to Induced Astigmatism with P=0.602.

Factores pronósticos del astigmatismo corneal inducido en pacientes operados de catarata por la técnica tunelizada / Prognostic factors of induced corneal astigmatism in patients operated on from cataract by the tunnel technique

Evaluar factores anatómico corneales y del transoperatorio por la técnica tunelizada de catarata que den lugar al astigmatismo inducido. Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo. El universo estuvo conformado por 120 ojos de pacientes provenientes de la consulta de Oftalmología del Hospital Clínicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras de diciembre de 2005 a octubre de 2006, operados de catarata senil con lente intraocular de cámara posterior, el cual fue calculado por la fórmula SRK-T para la emetropía. Se les realizó un examen oftalmológico preoperatorio y a los dos meses del posoperatorio. Se hace referencia al astigmatismo inducido, su relación con los factores anatómicos corneales y los transoperatorios. La evaluación del astigmatismo inducido, el defecto esférico posoperatorio y el astigmatismo preoperatorio queratométrico se evaluaron mediante indicadores cualitativos y cuantitativos. El astigmatismo inducido a los dos meses fue de 1,42 dioptrías (D), el cual aumenta en la incisión anterior y no autosellable. Este tipo de astigmatismo es mayor que 2 dioptrías si la profundidad del túnel es superficial o profunda con una probabilidad significativa. La media del astigmatismo preoperatorio es mayor, según aumenta el valor de la esfera posoperatoria. La incisión esclerocorneal anterior, superficial y no autosellable producen astigmatismo inducido. Las complicaciones también lo favorecen. El defecto esférico posoperatorio estuvo presente en la mayoría de los pacientes y sus valores más altos se corresponden con el astigmatismo preoperatorio mayor.

To evaluate the corneal anatomical factors and the transoperative factors by the tunnel technique of cataract surgery that gives rise to induced astigmatism. A prospective longitudinal and descriptive research study. The universe of study was made up of 120 eyes from patients seen at the opthalmological service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical and Surgical hospital from December, 2005 to October, 2006. They had been operated on from senile cataract and had an intraocular lens implanted in the posterior chamber, which was calculated by SRK formula for emetrophy. A preoperative ophtalmological examination and a postoperative testing two months after surgery were made on these patients. Reference was made to induced astigmatism, its relation with corneal anatomical factors and with transoperative factors. The evaluation of induced astigmatism, the postoperative spherical defect and the preoperative keratometric astigmatism were evaluated by using qualitative and quantitative indicators. Induced astigmatism after two months was 1.42 dioptries, which increased in the anterior incision and was not self-sealable. This type of astigmatism was over 2 dioptres if the depth of the tunnel was superficial or deep, with significant p. The greater preoperative astigmatism, the higher postoperative spherical value. The superficial non self-sealable anterior sclerocorneal incision causes induced astigmatism. The complications also facilitate this process. Postoperative spherical defect was present in most of the patients and the highest values found were related with greater preoperative astigmatism.

Factores pronósticos del astigmatismo corneal inducido en pacientes operados de catarata por la técnica tunelizada / Prognostic factors of induced corneal astigmatism in patients operated on from cataract by the tunnel technique

Evaluar factores anatómico corneales y del transoperatorio por la técnica tunelizada de catarata que den lugar al astigmatismo inducido. Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo. El universo estuvo conformado por 120 ojos de pacientes provenientes de la consulta de Oftalmología del Hospital Clínicoquirúrgico Hermanos Ameijeiras de diciembre de 2005 a octubre de 2006, operados de catarata senil con lente intraocular de cámara posterior, el cual fue calculado por la fórmula SRK-T para la emetropía. Se les realizó un examen oftalmológico preoperatorio y a los dos meses del posoperatorio. Se hace referencia al astigmatismo inducido, su relación con los factores anatómicos corneales y los transoperatorios. La evaluación del astigmatismo inducido, el defecto esférico posoperatorio y el astigmatismo preoperatorio queratométrico se evaluaron mediante indicadores cualitativos y cuantitativos. El astigmatismo inducido a los dos meses fue de 1,42 dioptrías (D), el cual aumenta en la incisión anterior y no autosellable. Este tipo de astigmatismo es mayor que 2 dioptrías si la profundidad del túnel es superficial o profunda con una probabilidad significativa. La media del astigmatismo preoperatorio es mayor, según aumenta el valor de la esfera posoperatoria. La incisión esclerocorneal anterior, superficial y no autosellable producen astigmatismo inducido. Las complicaciones también lo favorecen. El defecto esférico posoperatorio estuvo presente en la mayoría de los pacientes y sus valores más altos se corresponden con el astigmatismo preoperatorio mayor(AU)

To evaluate the corneal anatomical factors and the transoperative factors by the tunnel technique of cataract surgery that gives rise to induced astigmatism. A prospective longitudinal and descriptive research study. The universe of study was made up of 120 eyes from patients seen at the opthalmological service of Hermanos Ameijeiras Clinical and Surgical hospital from December, 2005 to October, 2006. They had been operated on from senile cataract and had an intraocular lens implanted in the posterior chamber, which was calculated by SRK formula for emetrophy. A preoperative ophtalmological examination and a postoperative testing two months after surgery were made on these patients. Reference was made to induced astigmatism, its relation with corneal anatomical factors and with transoperative factors. The evaluation of induced astigmatism, the postoperative spherical defect and the preoperative keratometric astigmatism were evaluated by using qualitative and quantitative indicators. Induced astigmatism after two months was 1.42 dioptries, which increased in the anterior incision and was not self-sealable. This type of astigmatism was over 2 dioptres if the depth of the tunnel was superficial or deep, with significant p. The greater preoperative astigmatism, the higher postoperative spherical value. The superficial non self-sealable anterior sclerocorneal incision causes induced astigmatism. The complications also facilitate this process. Postoperative spherical defect was present in most of the patients and the highest values found were related with greater preoperative astigmatism(AU)

Changes in computerized videokeratography induced by artificial tears.

PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of several standard artificial tear preparations on computerized videokeratographic measurements. SETTING: Cullen Eye Insitute, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Houston, Texas, USA. METHODS: We evaluated one eye each in 18 normal volunteers. Using the EyeSys Corneal Analysis System (EyeSys Technologies), we obtained corneal topographic measurements at baseline and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 minutes after instillation of the following preparations: balanced salt solution, Tears Naturale II, Tears Naturale Free, Cellufresh, Celluvisc, HypoTears, and HypoTears PF. We analyzed changes in curvature of the keratographic rings at radii 1 to 5 mm and changes in keratometric-equivalent astigmatic power and meridian. RESULTS: All preparations except HypoTears and Tears Naturale II induced statistically significant, time-dependent changes in mean corneal power in the central 5 mm corneal zone compared with baseline measurements (P < .05). The relationship between change in dioptric power over time varied with preparation type and was nonlinear in nature. In all cases, the mean induced change was < or = 0.5 diopter. Except for Celluvisc, tear administration produced minimal changes in the values of corneal astigmatic power or meridian. CONCLUSION: When performing serial measurements of mean corneal power, the greatest consistency was achieved with no tears or with instillation of HypoTears or Tears Naturale II.

Effect of local anesthesia and ocular massage on central corneal curvature.

Using a standard Javal keratometer, we obtained central corneal curvature measurements in 19 patients before and after the administration of local anesthesia. We noted flattening of mean average keratometry which approached statistical significance, along with an increase in overall astigmatism. Decreased intraocular pressure was not found to be a factor.